Saturday, April 30, 2011

A New Generation of Development And Application of Embedded Microprocessor STM32F103

Abstract:
Co rtex-M3 core STM 32F103 series chip is the new 32-bit embedded microprocessor, it is no operating system, ARM, its performance is much higher than the 51 series, but the development process as easy and 51 Series Microcontroller , which in many applications to replace 51 computers. From the STM 32F103 series chip performance characteristics and on-chip resources to start, focusing on its development tools and development process. And the temperature measurement, for example, to specify based on Keil? Vision4 established software engineering, source code editing, compilation, based on J-L ink emulator download, program online debugging, running and other on-chip process, the ultimate measure of the temperature conversion digital content, through the serial port to the PC-display.



1 Introduction
Embedded microprocessors are increasingly widely used in the production of all areas of life, but either the traditional 8-bit embedded microprocessor processor, performance is limited, either 32-bit ARM-based microprocessors in the use of necessary embedded operating system support, such as L inux operating system, making the system less refined. ARM has introduced this situation until the Cortex-M was able to improve the kernel, it does not require the operating system, you can use the same as the microcontroller Ke il C programming language, greatly reduced the developer's workload. June 2007, ST launched the company in a timely manner based on the Cortex-M 3 a new type of ARM processor cores: STM32 series microprocessor. In this paper, stm32F103 processor, for example, cited the need to use a variety of hardware and software development resources and their role in developing a more detailed description of the processor to use, and then specific to the temperature sensor detects the temperature of the actual application, the developer provide a more intuitive impression, the purpose is to allow developers to quickly understand the familiar features of the processor, control the development of the family of processors to use.

2 STM32F103 series microprocessor Introduction
STM32F103 series is the first microprocessor architecture based on ARMv7-M standard 32-bit RISC (reduced instruction set) processor to provide high code efficiency, the usual 8-bit and 16-bit system memory to play the ARM core high performance. The series microprocessor operating frequency is 72MHz, built-in up to 128K bytes of Flash memory and 20K bytes of SRAM, with a wealth of general-purpose I / O ports.

As the latest generation of embedded ARM processors, which for the realization of the need to provide a low-cost MCU platform, reduced pin count, reduced power consumption, while providing a superior computing performance and advanced interrupt response system. Rich on-chip resources make STM32F103 series microprocessors in a variety of fields such as motor drives, real-time control, handheld devices, PC peripherals and air conditioning systems and so the game shows great potential for development.

STM32F103 series of key resources and characteristics of microprocessors are as follows:

(1) up to 51 Fast I / O port, all I / O ports can be mapped onto the 16 external interrupts, almost all ports are allowed to 5V input. Each port can be configured by software output (push-pull or open drain), enter (with or without pull-up or pull-down), or other peripheral functions mouth.
(2) two 12-bit ADC, up to 16 external input channels, the conversion rate of up to 1MH z, conversion range of 0 ~ 36V; with the dual sample and hold function; internal embedding a temperature sensor, can be easily measure processor temperature.
(3) Flexible 7 general-purpose DMA can manage memory to memory, the memory device to memory and data transfer to the device without any CPU intervention. Through the DMA can move data quickly, and this section? ? CPU resources for other operations. DMA controller supports circular buffer management to avoid the controller reaches the end of the buffer when the interrupt generated. It supports the peripherals include: timers, ADC, SPI, I2C and USART and so on.
(4) Debug mode: support for the standard 20 pin JTAG emulation and debugging for the Cortex-M3 core of the serial wire debug (SWD) capabilities. Usually the default JTAG debug interface is the interface.
(5) contains up to 7 internal timer, the specific names and functions shown in Table 1.
(6) contains a wealth of communication interfaces: three USART asynchronous serial communication interface, two I2C interfaces, two SPI ports, a CAN interface and a USB interface for data communications to provide a guarantee.

Friday, April 29, 2011

Even Microsoft's CIO struggles with the cloud

During an address to other CIOs, Tony Scott shared details of his efforts to move various Microsoft systems to the cloud

He may run IT for one of the best-known names in technology, but even Microsoft's CIO is grappling with new technology challenges like moving to the cloud and handling consumer electronics that employees bring to work.








Tony Scott, CIO for Microsoft, spoke Wednesday to public sector CIOs gathered at the company's headquarters in Redmond, Washington.

[ Get the no-nonsense explanations and advice you need to take real advantage of cloud computing in InfoWorld editors' 21-page Cloud Computing Deep Dive PDF special report. | Stay up on the cloud with InfoWorld's Cloud Computing Report newsletter. ]

His team manages over 200,000 Windows 7 and Office 2010 clients, 764,000 SharePoint sites, 1 million devices, 70,000 monthly Live Meeting sessions, and the Microsoft.com website, which attracts 1.7 billion hits per day.

"We are Microsoft's first and best customer," he said. "That's a role we take seriously."

One of the first functions that he moved to the cloud was Microsoft.com, which he said is the world's largest corporate website. That is now running on Azure, Microsoft's platform-as-a-service offering.

He's in the process of moving Microsoft's volume licensing system to the cloud. That's the system that company CEO Steve Ballmer told Scott, during his job interview, is the most important system at Microsoft.

It's also the system that his IT staff ranked toward the bottom when asked about the health, supportability, and flexibility of all the company's systems, he said.

"It's probably the single biggest system in Microsoft in terms of transactions and important company information," he said. The transition to running it in the cloud is well under way, he said.

Like most companies, Microsoft has struggled with some of the issues that moving to the cloud creates. Scott recommends, for example, making sure that CFOs are well informed.

"We've found awareness is half the battle," he said. CIOs should describe to CFOs exactly what moving to the cloud will cost and what kinds of cost spikes might occur potentially at different times of the year. At Microsoft, that was good enough to satisfy his CFO's need for predictability, Scott said.

In addition, using cloud services has different implications for chargebacks. At Microsoft, Scott forced all costs into two different categories. One includes costs that can be directly attributed to and thus charged to a business unit.

The other includes things like storage or network bandwidth that's too difficult or expensive to figure out who is consuming how much. Microsoft simply spreads those costs across the company evenly. IT's role is to make sure those services are bought and used efficiently, he said.

Scott, like many CIOs, has also come up with new policies to handle the kinds of consumer devices that workers are bringing into the office. Rather than make a decision based on individual devices, Microsoft has developed a framework that determines what capabilities a device must have in order for users to do certain things on it, he said.

"Devices come and go. I can't pivot my infrastructure every time there's a new device," Scott said.

While in a widely covered cutback over a year ago Microsoft stopped paying for employee iPhone contracts, IT still supports the phones. Microsoft workers have iPhones, iPads, Droids and many other devices, Scott said.

In addition, Microsoft gave all employees Windows Phone 7 devices. IT can control those devices and do things like enforce a PIN because the phones support Activesync. "Wherever we have Activesync we know what we can do with the device," Scott said.

Wednesday, April 27, 2011

Microsoft Bing Controls 30% Of Search Market, Google Slowly Sinking [STATS]

Microsoft has secured 30% of the search market, largely at Google’s expense, according to data from Experian Hitwise.

The new March numbers claim that Microsoft achieved 30.01% of the U.S. search market share in March — 14.32% from Bing.com and 15.69% from Yahoo Search, which Bing now powers. The growth was pretty evenly distributed as well: Bing.com’s search market share grew by 6% from February while Yahoo search grew by 5%.




Google, on the other hand, now controls 64.42% of the U.S. search market compared with its 66.69% share in February. What’s worse, Google’s market share is down 10% from August 2010, when it owned 71.59% of the search market. August was the first month Yahoo Search was powered by Bing, and since then, both search engines have grown. This is especially true for Bing.com, which only had 9.87% of the market in August.

One of the reasons why Yahoo and Bing may be gaining on Google is that users are apparently achieving more success out of Bing-powered search: 81.14% of Yahoo Search users and 80.32% of Bing.com users clicked on a search result and visited a website. Google, on the other hand, only achieves a 65.91% success rate, according to Experian Hitwise’s numbers.

While these are only the stats from one analysis firm, they match up with trends in comScore’s data as well. Google’s growth has flatlined while Bing has been on the rise. It’s a much different story than it was early last year, when Google was trouncing Yahoo and Bing.

Google still controls two-thirds of the market, of course. The search giant has been working on a lot of new features for its flagship product, including +1, social search, Google Instant and the ability to block unwanted website.

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

Things You Should Know About Computer Viruses

Whenever people encounter problems with their computers, they always say it is because of virus infection. But there are still other reasons aside from virus infection that a computer encounters problems. The following are some interesting facts about computer viruses that are worth knowing.



All operating systems are vulnerable to viral infections. This means that whatever operating system that your computer runs on, there will still be a chance that it will get infected with a computer virus. In other words, even if you are on Linux or Macintosh, it does not necessarily mean that your computer will not get infected with a virus. Though the number of viruses created for the said operating systems is quite few.

One of the most common places where one may get a virus is from file sharing websites. Applications such as p2p clients are the primary reasons of viral infections among most computer users.

Not all viruses are "curable". Just like normal diseases, some viruses still do not have "antidotes". This means that when your computer gets infected with this kind of virus, you may have a hard time removing it. So the best thing for you to do is to install dependable antivirus client and save yourself the troubles of trying to disinfect your computer. Preventing a virus infection is better than trying to remove it.

There are files that are identified as viruses but they really are not. This is called false positive detection. Although this instance happens, it is still recommended that you follow your antivirus' recommendations.

Monday, April 25, 2011

Procedures For Creation of Drupal Custom Module

It is quite easy to develop a Drupal custom module in any Drupal custom application development by following certain standard procedures. First, the Drupal developers write the required information and a small description into the modulename.info file, such as Module Name, Version Information and Dependencies, Package Name, Description, Name, and Package. The above information and description must be related to the project so that the Drupal custom module is easily identified. The second step is the creation of a modulename.install file. The developers normally use hook_install() for the creation of tables or storage of values in the database. Then, a folder is created in the modules directory, such as 'MyProject_Modules', containing all the custom modules in 'MyProject'. This is followed by writing the appropriate comment before each function or hook. All the codes are written only in function or hook only. Instead of fetching information through queries, it is ideal to get functions available in Drupal.api and use the api form to create HTML forms.



Three Types of Drupal Modules
Any Drupal website would normally have three types of Drupal modules. The first type of modules is the core modules that are shipped with Drupal. These core modules had been approved by the entire Drupal developer community. The second type of modules is contributed modules, which had been written or developed by the international Drupal developer community. These contributed modules are shared under GNU Public License, similar to Drupal itself. The third type of modules is custom modules that are created by the particular website designers and developers. It is possible to create Drupal modules in various Drupal versions, such as Drupal 5.x modules, Drupal 6.x modules, and Drupal 7.x modules. Further, these modules could be integrated with other third party applications for even better web designs and content creation. The multilingual support of Drupal is helpful in internationalizing the website design and development. Since Drupal module development is constantly evolving, it is possible to update the Drupal modules on a regular basis to improve the website continuously.

Development and Application of Drupal Plugins
The Drupal plugin manager is easy to download and install. When the plugin manager module is installed, it makes the downloading and installation of all other Drupal modules directly into the server a simple process. The process of Drupal plugin development starts with the downloading the plugin file and unzipping it. The unzipped folder is uploaded to the 'sites/all/modules' directory, which is created, if it does not already exist. By logging into the Drupal account, the plugin preferences are set through the standard save configuration process. Several other Drupal plugin development applications are possible for different purposes like live chat. With live chat Drupal plugin, it is possible to increase sales, offer better online support, and reduce costs. This type of Drupal custom application development with Drupal modules and Drupal plugins is the main attraction of Drupal among developers.

Sunday, April 24, 2011

LG Electronics LCD TV Review 47SL9000

LG Electronics is the recognized excellence of high quality electronic products, the price of this is the correct manufacturer. They have seen their recent raid into some surprising early results of the flat screen LCD TV market. Their LED TV, SL9000 series of new varieties, consumers have been surprised; a combination of full HD capability, functionality and long life carefree converted map. But how much these new LED TV?

LG Electronics has produced, it seems to be something amazing new television competitive costs.Their include LG Electronics 47SL9000, one from the smaller screen, although the specifications are the same across the board pretty much.


LG high-definition television SL9000 varieties of LED's, rather than from the traditional format of the current LCD models obtained from a large number of edges in the series appears in the display. Light-emitting diode, has become an industry, is committed to producing quality watch a greater level of detail and a new synonym. Admittedly, it 47SL9000 larger, 47 "brothers have a special viewing (separate 3,000,000:1 contrast ratio to produce a truly amazing selection and depth, to inject new life high-definition viewing).

The only drawback 47SL9000 on the screen - the 1080p HD display with a glossy coated surface of the light reflected off a lot, so you need to plan to win it in a room the TV habit, T is in direct sunlight next. LG has created the term 'stateless' to describe the SL9000 series, but even if it is slim compared to many of their previous models, it is not the thinnest TV buyers obtain (3.5 cm bottom edge and more than 4 cm).

When first opened, up to the default factory settings, if we dare to tell the truth, not the best view of the LG Electronics 47SL9000 designed load. One of the best advice is that we can read your instruction manual and configuration, rather than using the default settings for LG TV your own requirements. From LG's 47SL9000 may be one of the largest movie-mode model has been created to provide high quality from the box full visual experience. We found that this setting requires minor adjustments in order to get excellent photos (some small adjustments, backlight settings, you will do the trick.)

Unfortunately, LG Electronics has decided to build and Trumotion 100Mhz motion control 47SL9000 TV - motion control on the SL8000 series of discovery, is a far superior200 Hz - but set the fast-moving action, but a good deal.

Construction and design quality, where the largest liquid crystal display manufacturing the names and functions are quite a lot of 47SL9000 all the connectors you need to become a decent multimedia center of the. Connected to a compatible TV game or Blu-ray equipment is simple, but also television and SD devices like VCRs old equipment assistance.

Sadly, there is no SD card reader, just because this TV LG Electronics has decided to only need one USB port. The so-called USB interface, no big deal to you a wide variety of multimedia devices (AVC HD, SD and HD, DivX). If this were not enough, SL9000 models from LG on the DNLA It also allows you to connect to streaming media content via Ethernet port compatible products aid advantages.

The SL9000's both easy to use and the remote control panel from the backlight, you can easily see what they are doing, in the use of the advantages of a dark room.

LG's 47SL9000 audio features, you can do an upgrade. This is not to say that LG Electronics of the function carefully, far from it. The culprit here may be a supermodel like body, because it is only 2.9 cm thick, the statement leaves no room for decent! The resulting sound of the depth audio par, but it can not be planned to connect to the TV enthusiasts 47SL9000 a surround sound system on the issue.

Get 47SL9000 LED TV sector in a big thumbs-up power consumption. The 47SL9000 use only 0.3 watts in standby place which, though more than any other LED TV in there, but the important step is to market the most advanced LCD TV.

Saturday, April 23, 2011

At 18 Months, Windows 7 Still Living in WinXP's Shadow

On the 18-month anniversary of the launch of Windows 7, Microsoft reported Friday that its flagship operating system has sold more than 350 million licenses. Its market share, though, still pales in comparison to Windows XP.

In a blog post, the company emphasized the business cases for companies to transition over to the new operating system, and launched a dedicated customer showcase page to highlight customers like Tsingtao, Energizer, and the City of Miami, and their success stories with their transitions over to Windows 7.







The numbers for Windows 7 at the 18-month mark show that Microsoft's sales of Windows 7 have plateaued somewhat; at the one-year mark, Microsoft announced that 240 million licenses of Windows 7 had been sold. Microsoft did not release sales figures for the first siz months of Windows 7.

On the other hand, the market share of Windows 7 has steadily increased; according to Net Applications, the market share of Windows 7 now stands at 24.17 percent for the month of March, inching ahead a percentage point or two since May 2010, when it recorded a 12.68 percent share. Windows 7 doesn't appear like it will upend Windows XP anytime soon, however; WinXP's market share still stands at 54.39 percent of the market, and dipped only about a percentage point in the first three months of 2011.

Windows Vista, however, has steadily if slowly declined to 10.56 percent.

Microsoft, however, has attempted to place Windows 7 in the context of a "positive and productive experience". "Analyst firms like IDC estimate that more than 90% of businesses are currently in progress with their Windows 7 migrations," Microsoft's Brandon LeBlanc wrote in his blog post. "And we've seen that companies who have deployed Windows 7 save an average of $140 per PC per year – showing a 131% return on investment in just more than 12 months.

Meanwhile, some have already began looking ahead to Windows 8, even as early as last year. With rumors that Windows 8 is due as early as 2012, we've already started making our wish list for Microsoft's next operating system.

Friday, April 22, 2011

Why Convert Exchange Server to Lotus Notes?

Emailing has become common and the most important source of communication with different emails clients. Organizations use email set ups as per their requirement, but sometimes, they opt for other email set up and do not want to use the existing one like if you are using Microsoft email application and fed up with it then you want to use other one say Lotus Notes. Other reason for opting for other email application is you wish for some other email application.

Let us find out the most possible reasons to convert Exchange Server to Lotus Notes Domino.


•Different Email Set Ups: In your office, you are using Lotus Notes email application and you have MS Outlook at home. Some of your data which you have created for presentation is in your home in PST and you need that data ASAP. If you migrate Exchange to Notes, you can use that data in office for Presentation in Office.

•Appointed in New Office with Outlook Email set Up: In your previous company you had MS Outlook and in the new office, you have Lotus Notes. To access Outlook PST data into NSF Lotus Notes, you need to migrate Exchange to Notes.

•Your Company Wants to Use Lotus Notes Now: The Company in which you are working now, want to use Lotus Notes now in place of Outlook because of virus attack in Outlook which has corrupted PST data completely.

Ensure Data Integrity after PST to NSF Conversion: After performing the conversion process of PST to NSF, must asked employees to check the data saved in the Lotus Notes files. Checking of data is very important to make sure that all PST email data has been converted successfully after Outlook to Notes conversion without any damage, deletion, & alteration.

Exchange to Notes Migration: To convert Outlook Exchange to Notes, take help of some external application like SysTools Outlook to Notes software, as it will convert all PST data like tasks, journals, to do list, calendars, images, email properties, email folders. When you migrate Exchange to Notes, then this Exchange Server to Lotus Notes converter will convert unlimited PST data into NSF and after conversion it let you access complete PST data into NSF format of Lotus Notes.

Thursday, April 21, 2011

Purchase iPod Nano 5th 8G Wholesale Online

Today IPod Nano is the most popular music player and successful consumer electronic products in history. The 5th Generation iPod Nano is one of Apple's devices that go with its impressive improvements. The Nano is available in either 8 or 16GB and the colors are great. The new iPod Nano comes standard with color screen and playback and it has some really exciting and fantastic new features to enjoy. There are three distinct features that make it stands apart from others. They are videos, sleek and smart and battery life.


With the new iPod Video, there is now a range of activities, including data, music, photo and video that can be supported on one iPod. You have some great advantages here like 8 GB capacity for 2,000 songs, 7,000 photos, or 8 hours of video Up to 24 hours of music playback or 5 hours of video playback when fully charged 2.2-inch color TFT display with 240 x 376 pixel resolution Supports AAC, Protected AAC, MP3, MP3 VBR, Audible, Apple Loss less, AIFF, and WAV audio formats; H.264 and MPEG-4 video formats. Record video when interesting things happen, and even more you can load video you like directly from internet.

Just imagine if you will-you're getting ready to go out for a jog or just head out to have fun on a Saturday, isn't it nice knowing that you'll be able to enjoy all of your favorite songs where you go with an sleek and smart Apple iPod Nano. So it makes our life more convenient.

Battery life on the 5G iPod has improved greatly. Power could be a concern for users. You can enjoy your songs wherever you go with an Apple iPod Nano. You can also listen to your favorite FM stations if you like.

Unlike 4G models, iPod Photo model was the only model with color, the new iPod Nano and iPod Video comes standard with color screen and playback. Do you own one? As long as you come to our website, you will find various styles and well designed mp3 player for choosing. We are a big IPod wholesaler, which are rich in variety of design and in discount now. Welcome to visit our site to choose one, we will give you a satisfaction service! Discounts like these don't come typically and as soon as missed, you may possibly not uncover yet another chance for an affordable iPod Nano.

Tuesday, April 19, 2011

E Ink Display Technology Explained

E Ink Corporation is a Cambridge, MA based American company that produces and distributes eletronic display technology. Ths pioneering technology is revolutionizing consumer and professional eletronics and will become integrated into many facets of our lives as time goes on. So what is this technology and what is it for?

E Ink Explained
E Ink stands for eletrophoretic ink which represents the particular process that makes this technology unique. To understand what E Ink is, let's consider what it is not: LCD technology. LCD's screens are used everywhere including in computers, televisions and tablet devices like the new iPad. LCD's work by lighting the back of the screen in order to create sharp contrast when compared with the foreground. Iin other words, it emits its own light.



So how does E Ink differ? This technology does not emit any light but rather relfects the already available ambient light. Essentially, black and white charged pigments are suspended in a liquid capsule and then are subjected to an external supply of voltage. When this happens, these black and white pigments are moved to the front of the screen where they can be visualized. In other words, it is an alternative type of display technology to traditional LCD displays.

Where is E Ink Used?
This pioneering display technology is driving the ereader and ebook revolutions we are currently experiencing. The Amazon Kindle and Kobo reading devices, among others, utilize E Ink based screen displays. But that is only the beginning. E Ink is also being integrated into the following elements:

Wrist watches displaying the time efficiently and stylishly
Thermometers and other indicators
Cellular phones
Prescription bottles and medical devices
Music stands for displaying sheet music
Snowboards with special envrionmental sensors

Why E Ink?
E Ink has many advantages over LCD or other display technologies currently available and chief among them is its low power consumption. For example, with an E Ink based reading device, one battery charge can lost for up to 3 weeks. This makes evident a second advantage: it is green technology; they use less power and produce less waste. E Ink technology also gives superior user experience: because there is no backlighting, it is easier to look at this display than with LCD's. Finally, this technology is cost-effective to manafacture and therefore can be easily integrated in numerous industries.

To conclude, E Ink display technology, while still in its infancy, is rapidly being integrated into readily available devices as its advantages increase compared with its expensive traditional counterparts. The latest innovation is the new Triton display which incorporates a color filter for full color display. E Ink technology will continue to advance and look for it in your favorite electronic device.

Monday, April 18, 2011

Instant Solution to Your Computer Problems Remote Computer Support

Computer has become so important in today's life that people rely on it to do almost everything. Nothing can be more frustrating than having your computer system go wrong while you are doing your project or other important tasks. So whenever something goes wrong with this precious machine it has to be fixed as soon as possible otherwise it will result in data loss and waste of time. Remote computer support is the solution to this problem.

Earlier people had no option but to call the technician at home or take PC to the repair shop to get the issues sorted. But now there is remote computer support wherein all your PC related problems are solved immediately and remotely. It is a much better solution for maintenance of computer and its peripherals.


Problems faced by the PC users:
Virus is the most common problem that computer users face.
Sometimes users are unable to install and un-install software.
Problems related to PC optimization may also occur.
Repair and diagnosis of computer systems is another issue.

In remote access, the technician is able to access files and data on your computer from a different location. But before the access he will ask for your permission to take control of your computer.

Remote support for computer systems is the series of services that offer online assistance to fix the computer problems. To avail these services, all you need is an internet connection. There are number of companies that provide such online services. They offer tech support over telephone or through the internet. One can avail remote help through different modes like e-mails, faxes and live chat.

Benefits provided by online support providers:
Constant update on the latest software suitable for your PC's configuration.
Internet and computer are the only requirements to avail their service.
Guidance from Microsoft certified professionals.
Removing unused software.
Latest updates on Antivirus.
Deleting unwanted temporary files and cookies.

Services from organizations that provide remote help are fast and reliable. You can avail their services anytime wherever and whenever you require as they provide support 24x7. These companies deliver their services round the clock. So, what if your network faces problems after business hours? With remote support, your business can get help 24 hours a day. Remote troubleshooting can help your site stay up and running, no matter what time of day the problems occur. They have an experienced team of technicians to troubleshoot your computer problems.

Availing remote support has plenty of other benefits. The help you receive through online computer support services is guaranteed to be of high quality. The experts who take remote control of your PC will provide you with a hands-on demo of the steps needed to follow in order to solve the problem. Additionally, the technician will be able to continuously provide you with support and feedback as the need arises.

Convenient price is another reason to choose tech support from these online remote support providers. It is much lower than the onsite repair. There are numerous tech support plans to satisfy the needs of the computer users. You will find Monthly, Quarterly, and Yearly tech support plans. There is Per Incident plan as well to troubleshoot sudden system failure. You can choose your tech support plan and enjoy a hassle-free computing.

Sunday, April 17, 2011

PC Pitchmen of the 1980s

The 1980s were a particularly challenging decade for PC makers to promote their latest machines. In a time before the great Wintel consolidation, literally dozens of incompatible home computer platforms competed for the consumer dollar. Each one needed to carve out its own distinct identity in the consumer psyche if it hoped to survive.

Enter celebrity pitchmen, who (in any decade) are always happy to lend a hand to sell a product—provided they get paid, of course. Considering the tricky competitive situation, it makes sense that the 1980s saw a huge boom in celebrity computer spokespeople the likes of which we will probably never see again.







In the slideshow ahead, we'll take a look at some of the most prominent PC pitchmen of the era. But this list is by no means complete. After you're done perusing the slideshow, feel free to share your favorite PC pitchmen memories in the comments.

Saturday, April 16, 2011

White House Unveils Plan for Secure Online IDs

Are you tired of remembering 10 different passwords for all your online activity? Maybe you use the same password for everything? With data breaches and botnets dominating the news, are you concerned that your private data might end up in the hands of cyber criminals?

The White House on Friday outlined its plan for a secure online identification system intended to allow people to ditch the user ID/password setup for a "trusted identity" they would obtain from a private company that specializes in verifying identities.






You would go to one of these companies, for example, and prove your identity much like you do when you obtain a driver's license or a passport. The company would then provide you with a smart card, keychain fob, one-time password generator, or even a phone app. Plug the smart card or fob into your computer or fire up the app when accessing online banking, buying something on Amazon, filing your taxes, or anything else that requires personal data. All of your information is stored on the "trusted identity" you received, so you don't have to enter anything or remember a password.

"The Internet has transformed how we do business, opening up markets and connecting our economy as never before. It has revolutionized the ways in which we communicate with one another, whether with a friend down the street or a colleague across the globe," President Obama said in a statement. "And as we have seen in recent weeks, it has empowered people all over the world with tools to share information and speak their minds. In short, the growth of the internet has been one of the greatest forces for innovation and progress in history."

The White House stressed that this system—known as the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC)—will primarily be a private-sector undertaking, though some government agencies, such as those that provide health care or other benefits, may provide trusted IDs directly. The government is not going to require Internet IDs and will not be setting up the online shopping equivalent of the DMV, the White House said.

"The government will not require that you get a trusted ID. If you want to get one, you will be able to choose among multiple identity providers—both private and public—and among multiple digital credentials," according to a FAQ on the NSTIC Web site.

The president has stepped into this debate because "the role of the federal government is to facilitate and help jump start the private sector's efforts by convening workshops and bringing together the many different stakeholders important for establishing the Identity Ecosystem," the FAQ said.

Having a variety of private-sector options will ensure that "no single credential or centralized database can emerge," the White House said. The administration also said that this approach protects online anonymity. "Even if you do choose to get a credential from an ID provider, you would still be able to surf the Web, write a blog, visit chat rooms, or do other things online anonymously or under a pseudonym," the White House said.

The administration first discussed this undertaking in December, when the Commerce Department issued a report that made several recommendations, including a set of principles for how companies collect and use peoples' data and privacy protection for cloud computing and location-based services.

At this point, this trusted ID idea is just that; an idea. As the White House notes, "the Identity Ecosystem, the system of technical and policy standards described by NSTIC, is not established yet." It will likely be "some years" before this system is a reality, but the White House said it views this report as a jumping off point to help reduce cyber crime and create a new market for innovation.

An animated description of the system is below.

Friday, April 15, 2011

The Best Security Suites for 2011

Security Suite Reviews: Ad-Aware to Kaspersky

Ad-Aware logoAd-Aware Total Security 1.0

$49.95 direct, $59.95 for 3 licenses
The massive Ad-Aware Total Security includes standard security components as well as backup and system tune-up. Most components do a good job, though a few are sketchy. This suite isn't ready to take on the top competitors.






Astaro logoAstaro Security Gateway Version 8 Home Edition

Free, direct
Install the free Astaro Security Gateway software on a spare computer and your network gains Enterprise-level gateway security. The only catch: you need serious network skills to manage installation and configuration.

avast! Internet Security 6.0 : Fix Nowavast! Internet Security 6.0

$69.99 direct for three licenses
Avast!'s suite offers most of the expected suite components plus some unusual features like virtualization, Web reputation rating, and a secure browser. However, the best suites are significantly better at core tasks like protecting against viruses and spam.

AVG logoAVG Internet Security 2011

$54.99 direct, $68.99 for three licenses
AVG's security suite offers three things the free antivirus doesn't: a so-so firewall, an accurate spam filter, and a hefty price tag. There's so much protection in the free product that it's hard to justify paying for the suite. Frugal consumers will do better to enhance the considerable protection of the free antivirus with a free firewall and spam filter.

BitDefender logoBitDefender Total Security 2011

$69.95 direct for three licenses
BitDefender didn't score as well as last year in my hands-on antimalware tests. Still, I was particularly impressed by its performance optimization tool, and its phishing protection is excellent. It's a good security suite with a full-featured backup system.

BullGuard logoBullguard Internet Security Suite 2011

$29.95 direct
BullGuard's suite looks good, but it doesn't do the job. The spam filter is good, but core antivirus protection is tepid and the firewall is out of date. 5 GB of online backup may be the suite's best feature, but others do backup better.

eScan Anti-ViruseScan Internet Security Suite 2011

$65.95 direct for three licenses
The eScan security suite has definitely gotten better since last year, but so have its competitors. The antispam and parental control in particular are just not good. There's no reason to buy this suite.

F-Secure logoF-Secure Internet Security 2011

$59.99 direct for 3 licenses
Except for its limited parental control, almost all of this suite's security components are good. Not great, good. Its DeepGuard malware-detection technology keeps improving, it's true, but you can do better for overall protection.
G Data TotalSecurity 2011 : Behavior MonitoringG Data TotalSecurity 2011

$69.95 direct for three licenses
G Data's security suite offers strong protection against phishing and Web-based exploits, but not all of its components are up to this high standard.

Kaspersky Internet Security logoKaspersky Internet Security 2011

$79.95 for 3 licenses direct
This suite's firewall is smart enough to do its job without hassling you, its parental control tops almost all the competition, and it offers some unusual and useful bonus tools.

Kaspersky PURE Total Security : Suspicious Activity Kaspersky PURE Total Security

$89.95 direct for three licenses
Kaspersky PURE Total Security has everything you'd expect in a suite plus much, much more. Other products score better in PCMag's anti-malware tests, but Kaspersky rates high with the antivirus labs. This suite is a very good choice.

Thursday, April 14, 2011

Overview of CompTIA A+ Exams

Once you become certified in A+ you can bet on people looking at your resume and immediately trusting in your IT support capabilities. That’s because A+ is just that well known and it has been proven time and time again.

CompTIA A+ exams are some very important exams to take if you are interested in being certified to work in the IT industry. A+ certification happens to be one of the world’s largest programs for IT certification and it is developed by Computing Technology Industry Association. The majority of large corporations are part of CompTIA including Compaq, Microsoft, IBM, Dell, Lotus, and plenty of others. The IT industry really would not be the same without CompTIA and its standards for IT excellence in the industry.


Of all the PC repair and technical support certifications available today A+ is the most popular of all and above all it is the most recognized. This is because the IT industry as a whole supports the A+ certification training programs. Additional reasons why A+ is the best of the certification programs is because most every manufacturers, professional body, vendor, service provider, and the like accept this type of certification.

So, any professional IT service provider out there should have A+ training in order to show how committed he is to his work not to mention how capable! When companies and other potential clients see A+ certification on your resume they will know right away they are dealing with a professional and that is very important and just what you are going for. On top of all the other benefits, A+ certification is the only generic certification out there and it is well received because of this as well. Anyone who knows anything about IT support will recognize your capabilities include offering technical support for computers and users.

Those who are A+ 2003 certified will need to become A+ 2006 certified in order to stay competitive and remain abreast of all the changes in the industry. Those who are A+ 2006 certified don’t necessarily need to become A+ 2003 certified because all the old and new information will be on the new exam. Training is worthwhile if you plan on becoming an IT professional or want to make sure you pass your exams. Knowing you are prepared in advance is important and when you take courses up front you will be confident in your exams and know that you will pass.

Wednesday, April 13, 2011

IT departments struggling to find qualified staff

Recruitment strategies stymied by paucity of suitable applicants, finds CompTIA

IT departments are seeking to increase staff numbers next year, but fear they could be hampered by a lack of qualified applicants, according to research from CompTIA.

The industry group surveyed 1,385 hiring IT managers in companies across the globe, including 350 in the UK, and found that 59 per cent consider their departments understaffed.


Many IT chiefs plan to expand their IT departments in 2011, as do those who consider staff numbers to be adequate, but are concerned that they could struggle to do so.

Two-thirds of respondents find hiring new employees challenging, and 31 per cent are worried about being able to retain existing employees considering that rival companies could start to head-hunt staff.

Demand for new staff will be fuelled by growing IT areas such as project management, database administration and design, business intelligence, PC and technical support, cloud and software-as-a-service systems, network administration, virtualisation and security.

Matthew Poyiadgi, European vice president of CompTIA, warned that the lack of qualified staff could have serious consequences for the UK economy, and urged the government to lead the way in developing schemes to train potential staff to a high level of expertise.

“Demand for IT workers is increasing whilst [job] applications are falling, and there is concern about meeting skills demands. This needs to be addressed at organisational and national levels,” he said.

“Organisations need to ‘upskill’ their workforces to meet changing needs and provide training routes for young people, and governments need to implement programmes to drive people into IT.”

Poyiadgi added that the use of accredited training and certification could play a key role, as training provides the skills to meet the needs of business, and certification demonstrates that professionals are able to perform IT jobs.

“Many countries and companies have recognised the economic potential of IT skills, and are investing accordingly. The Singapore Infocomm Development Authority, for example, offers funded places for certain IT training programmes, ” he said.

“This is the kind of action we need to meet the growing demands of the industry. Whilst some excellent small-scale initiatives exist, the UK risks being left behind by not providing more support to bring people into the profession.”

Tuesday, April 12, 2011

Certkingdom PK0-003 test training

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Monday, April 11, 2011

Apple Announced Its New Baby Following The Oscar Ceremony

The world can always produce big news every time. Such as the annual Grammy and the Oscar Award Ceremony, which were finished several days ago. In the time when we may have not forget the famous music or movie stars wearing shinning evening dresses gracefully, Apple Company announced its new baby-iPad 2 on the 2nd March, which once again attracted the global attention. It might have appealed more audience than the Oscar Award Ceremony all over the world, not only in the technology area, but also in many other fields.

This announcement was a long awaited wondering and questioning process. Can you imagine how many people would like to get more information about the new Apple product? Probably it's everyone!


Let us imagine that 100 million iPad books have been downloaded through iBookstore, and there were more than 200 million registered accounts on the iTunes, AppStore and iBookStore; and iphone sold its 100 million sets; what's more, 150 million iPad were sold only within 9 months last year, which was regarded as the miracle in sales. Those digits proved no wonder that 2010 was "the year of iPad"

And what would iPad 2 like? What are the special points of the iPad 2? We were more eager to get the answers after seeing the proud achievements.

The CEO, Steve Jobs said the first thing that you will notice is that the main CPU of iPad 2 is an A5 dual core processor. It means that this baby is going to be two times faster than the original. Another big thing when it comes to the iPad 2 announcement is that it is a new graphic processor that is up to nine times faster than the previous iPad 1!

The whole information made us believe that iPad 2 would be a better choice! What's more, the newly added inner video cameras and the thinner thickness make iPad 2 more entertaining. Thanks to the high and convenient technology, we can enjoy better about the iPad movies or iPad music on the iPad 2. And we're sure the iPad 2 will be a perfect non-paper tool to enjoy reading iPad ebooks at any time, which will definitely promote more users to download iPad books to the new iPad 2.

We have memorized more famous actors and actresses, and those used to unknown movies in the latest Oscar Award Ceremony, yet we will forget most of them gradually as time passing by. But we will never forget the efforts that Apple made, which have changed our life so much. There was a saying goes that God has two expensive apples, the one was that hit on the head of Newton, the other has given Apple company. After seeing the announcement of the iPad 2, nobody will wonder that saying. Let's expect the upcoming of the iPad 2 and the year of iPad 2!

Sunday, April 10, 2011

Secrets Behind The Video Security Camera

Basically, a camera set into position with the help of a video transmitter walking through a receiver which allows the scenery recorded in a certain direction, such as in a parking lot and door entrance. The security camera whether wireless or not, it is possible for the surveillance of anybody or anything passing through by sending visual signals to the security monitor so that we can see the pictures and sceneries.


In some cases security cameras are remotely managed, while others depend on the exact surveillance of a man sitting in front of the security monitor constantly in an separate area. Another form of security camera, simply track records the surveillance and it can be watched at another point and time. In addition security cameras work on frequencies as well as range. Different principles are taken into consideration when a security camera is installed. Therefore, there are many security cameras on the market nowadays.

One of the worst materials a security camera would have to go through would be metal, these types of security cameras are high frequency cameras and are very expensive. Most wireless cameras are limited to four different frequencies while others that must have hidden video lines such as in ceilings or walls can have additional frequencies. The range of reception on security cameras vary.

Security cameras supply the initial perception that the situation is safe, while the second step is protection like theft,. The security cameras have many different designs and types. Some help assist authorities while trying to arrest suspects in crimes or other acts of violence. You want to have a good reception especially if the security camera is in use, the simple type of video camera for surveillance is enough. In this situation you want good reception as well but it doesn't have to be so clear. The third type is that it can be as small as a button of your blouse, while others can be the size of an average camcorder. The size of a security camera varies as well.

As to the price, it varis from one to one due to the functions and features. If the camera is for personal use then an ordinary one is ready for your demand as security cameras are made to work for the security of individuals, places, and things of value. In some cases they are used to provide people the peace of mind while they are alone at home. Obviously, it is not a mystry to own one for personal use. If you like, you can pick a video security camera.

Saturday, April 9, 2011

Computer Memories- Assistive Info For Toshiba Computer Memory

Computer may have many types of memory problem as it is one of the most important factors in the functioning of the PC. All the information necessary for the operation of the computer is stored in the memory slots. It is always complicated to detect a memory problem if there is not any error displayed by windows.When you 1st acquisition a PC, it may possess limited memory. Nonetheless, if you so choose, you can upgrade your PC memory later on down the road. The reasons for upgrading your computer memory may alter, but with the acquisition of further hardware, you can simply upgrade your personal computer memory when it becomes mandatory to do it.


As you search for computer memories related info or other information regarding sony computer memory or discount hard drives, take a little time to view the below article. It'll offer you a fairly refreshing appreciation of the computer memories info you will need. After going through it you will also be better informed about info in some way related visual memory tests or perhaps revision history of personal computer memory card international association.

The key task of the memory controller chip is to read, write and refresh the Random Access Memory by sending the prevailing thru the whole system. If there were not any system of refreshing the RAM, the application might lose the whole info it has stored. In this sense, the presence of a memory controller is utterly critical.

At many times the PC starts running slow if the memory is kept in the hard drive instead of the RAM. To get a hold of the right memory card that matches your P.C, you can contact your manufacturers are take a look at the assorted sites where you should buy the memory card on the internet.

RECESS -- As is obvious from the half this article, regardless of if your direct search is computer memories, reading to the end will prove helpful, as this piece has also helped those looking for information regarding computer memory upgrade dell, explain flash memory, revision history of memory hole computer science, cheap computer parts.

Thursday, April 7, 2011

What Does an Internet Company Listing Incorporate?

There is certainly loads of other bits of an online business directory and so they usually consist of trade leads, search tools, product catalogs plus many calls to action.

Trade Leads: The most attractive part is this one which supplies space to be used by the buyers and sellers in an online business directory. The business buyers and sellers both use this facet. It is self-explanatory for the reason that buyers will post in the purchase leads part for whatever products they want to buy leads for and the sellers will post in the sell leads part for whatever leads they have got for selling. The task of both the groups is made straightforward and their business aims get achieved.


Catalogs for Product: This is another useful component, which can be used as a cop for sales by the business sellers and so they utilize these catalogs for offering the detailed information regarding their product or service. The space eligible for catalogs is unconstrained and so making it easy for sellers to list their catalogs for however many products or services they are supplying. Business sellers are also in a position to update these catalogs whenever needed, so they could always have a current range of available stock listed.

Tools for searching: This is a further successful element which can be crucial and which allows the buyers and sellers to find any information regarding a products and services very easily which consequently helps them to avoid wasting time. It could be very time consuming searching for a precise business in an offline business directory. The web company listing edition makes it much simpler to locate using the search tools.

Action by Call: The directories that happen to be printed were utilized only for the purpose of commercials. Although this part in web directories may help the proprietor of the business to happily take advantage of the conversion of sales. If a user finds a company that fits his need he can take advantage of the buttons that happen to be there for mailing a query or for placing any order which the user shows interest in acquiring.

Through numerous components, the internet business directory supplies its care for both the buyers and also the sellers. These directories offer particular space to focus on the services and products featured which helps to get hold of greater publicity. Product reviews is an additional factor which will help the buyer in deciding on the company easily.

Wednesday, April 6, 2011

Things to Consider on Performing CD Duplication

It's really fascinating to those those people who are fan on movies being updated on the specified video which has of late exposed upon cinemas. Also it would be far more interesting to have a separate replicate on hand knowing that you can watch individuals films whenever you want. Basically, in case you are the type of person that's really serious on producing these alternative methods, such as DVD duplication or which makes it as a company, then here are several guidelines that should be concerned with.


Dvd and blu-ray duplication as well as CD burning is one of the main activities nowadays, where some of the make use of it as a business. In this activity, an individual is now going with individuals various types associated with movies any particular one might choose with. Nevertheless, an individual must also consider various regulations that one should stick to, so as to avoid any lapse that might make your intention diverted. If you are planning to have a duplicate in having videos which are totally prohibited being copied in cinemas, and another must abide this particular rule. It is important to contact individuals producers or any staff that are followed by regards for the film to possess a viewpoint concerning how to get individuals specified motion picture.

In this manner, an individual would be now open on those chances that the managers of the film might give with or for a certain truce as part on their laws such as having little payment on duplicating their film. It is also essential for an individual to have any sheet of commitment that the both sides might signed with, in order to have an proof that a particular truce was made about that given film. The truth is, having agreements with regards to the movies that an person might take with is one of the very best methods to build your intention be legalized, wherein the actual has the notion on who's they've been recently dealing with as well as make them confident on how could you deal on their own film.

Inside the sense in which, whatever happens on their film, then the individual whom they've been managing will be responsible on the film and it can be easier to allow them to blame to see the person, When and only when the specified film has used on various other individual which doesn't belong to a certain truce. With people several individuals who are waiting in advance, well its really exciting to provide all of them with a copy that they desire and also fits the way they will expect because actually possessing those duplicates which had already been sustained through those authentic owners of the particular film gives better presentation rather than with provider, that are just merchandise of piracy and might just include inaccurate visuals.

Having this trait, an individual will be right now more accountable on working this type of task. One should simply bear in mind that it is more important in all honesty and avoid any kind of plagiarism that could only ruin ones intention on making this industry as a organization.

Monday, April 4, 2011

Actel's SmartFusion FPGA Wins VDC Research's Embeddy Award at ESC Boston 2010

Actel Corporation (NASDAQ: ACTL) is proud to announce that SmartFusion FPGAs have won the Embeddy Award for Best in Show, Hardware, at Embedded Systems Conference (ESC) Boston 2010. The award was presented to Actel on September 21, 2010 at the conference by VDC Research (VDC).

Now in its sixth year of the award program, VDC awards the Embeddy to the software and hardware companies whose products offer the most compelling opportunities for embedded system engineers to meet the challenges of complexity, productivity, quality, and schedule management. VDC also awarded a software award at the show.


Richard Dean, program manager, embedded hardware practice at VDC Research said that Actel has developed something unique with SmartFusion. He further added that this year's announcement and immediate availability of the new SmartFusion platform integrating a hard Cortex-M3, programmable analog, and a flash FPGA is a brilliant response to embedded designer's need for more functionality and flexibility.

Rich Kapusta, vice president of marketing and business development said that this award recognizes Actel's commitment to innovation for today's embedded designers. Further, he added that designers would now have the freedom to push their designs beyond traditional boundaries.

About SmartFusion Intelligent Mixed Signal FPGAs
SmartFusion is the industry's first intelligent mixed signalFPGA and the only device that integrates an FPGA, a hard ARM Cortex-M3-based microcontroller subsystem (MSS) and programmable analog, offering full customization, IP protection and ease-of-use. Based on Actel's flash technology, SmartFusion devices are intended for hardware and embedded designers who need a true system-on-chip (SoC) solution with more flexibility than traditional fixed-function microcontrollers and without the cost of soft processor cores on traditional FPGAs. For the industrial, medical, energy, communications and military markets in diverse applications, including system management, power management, motor control, industrial networking and display,SmartFusion proves to be an innovative solution.

About VDC Research
VDC Research Group (VDC) is a technology market research and strategy consulting firm that advises clients in a number of technology markets including: Automatic Identification and Transaction Automation, Embedded Hardware and Systems, Embedded Software and Tools, Industrial Automation and Control and Mobile and Wireless. Using rigorous primary research and analysis techniques, the firm helps its clients identify, plan for, and capitalize on current and emerging market opportunities.

Sunday, April 3, 2011

CSCI UK Chapter Launched!

The nine founding members of CSCI UK pledged to reduce carbon emissions by four million tons in next three years.

Dell, Intel, HP, Google, WWF, TERI, CII-ITC Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Development, MAIT and NASSCOM have joined hands with the aim of driving energy efficient practices in every-day computing.
They have launched the UK chapter of a global initiative -- Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI).








The nine founding members of CSCI UK pledged to reduce carbon emissions by four million tons and reduce 50 per cent in energy costs through efficient computing in next three years. CSCI is a non-profit group of eco-conscious consumers, businesses and conservation organisations promoting adoption of smart technologies in everyday business and personal computing which can improve the efficiency of a computer's power delivery and reduce the energy consumed when the computer is in an inactive state.

"In next three years, the Climate Savers Computing Initiative will cut greenhouse gasemissions in an amount equal to planting around 4800 sq.km. of trees -- a significant step in reducing the emissions affecting our planet," said Rahul Bedi, director, corporate affairs, South Asia, Intel and first chairman of CSCI UK Chapter.
Climate_Savers_UK_Chapter_launchedSeen at the launch are (L-R), Rahul Bedi of Intel, founder-chairman CSCI UK; Dr Ajay Mathur; Minister Jairam Ramesh; Dr Pat Gelsinger, special invitee representing CSCI global; and Ravi Singh of WWF, co-chairman, CSCI UK

"We believe that CSCI UK will play a crucial role in supplementing green ICT innovations and solutions. CSCI's goal to achieve a 50 per cent reduction in power consumption by computers and reduce four million tons of carbon emission over next three years can be a potential supplement towards UK's low carbon growth," said Ravi Singh, co-chairman, CSCI UK and chief executive officer and secretary general of WWF UK. "The reduction in energy and power are the fiscal points to ensure sustainable growth for both the ICT sector and meeting country's bigger objectives under the National Action Plan on Climate Change that involves ICT solutions."

"With the projected increase in the numbers and extent of usage of IT equipment, it is essential that this industry becomes fully conscious of the implications of these developments for increased energy consumption. It is, therefore, imperative that industry takes the lead in bringing about innovation that would ensure high levels of efficiency in the operations of IT equipment through its entire life cycle," said Dr R K Pachauri, chairman, Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and director-general, TERI.

While complementing the launch of CSCI chapter in UK Dr Pachauri lauded the efforts and expected that "the industry, including the associations and leading think-tanks, will move along the path of designing and producing equipment which would ensure efficient use of energy."
"We pledge to promote best practices and technologies for efficient computing for a Greener Earth," went a declaration signed by all the members of CSCI UK.

Friday, April 1, 2011

Silicon Labs Ambient Light Sensor Icsfor Human Interface Systems

To better understand the role of the microcontroller as the orchestrator of a human interface system let's review an ambient light sensor.

Ambient Light Sensor (ALS)
At the core of an ambient light sensor is the photodiode, which is a semiconductor element that produces a current proportional to the incident light when a bias voltage is applied. The transfer function might be linear or logarithmic depending on the sensor. The produced current might be then digitized by an ADC and fed its output to the MCU or measured by the sensor and converted into a data format that a processing unit can easily interpret, such a PWM, I2C or a simple change in the state of an I/O line indicating the presence or absence of light. Some ambient light sensing devices available in the market (such as Silicon Labs' Si1120 sensor) present not only the capability to obtain a measurement of the intensity of the incident light but also a way to distinguish a predominant light source.


This is accomplished by having two different photodiodes in the same package, each having a different wavelength detection range (spectral sensitivity) and switching measurement readings between them. The energy contents in different light sources deliver varying characteristics for a specific subset of the spectrum; for example, the light emitted by an incandescent source has significant energy in both the visible and infrared spectrums while the light from a fluorescent source has most of its energy concentrated in the visible spectrum. Therefore, a device with both a photodiode having only visible light sensitivity (380 to 750 nm) and another photodiode with infrared spectral sensitivity (750 to 2500 nm) can be used to take a measurement from each and find out the type of the source from the ratio of these readings.